000			02126nam a2200181Ia 4500
008			220216s9999 xx 000 0 und d
100			_aSteiner H
245		0	_aSurvey of hesperids found in three age groups of calamus manan planted under rubber trees
260			_bJournal of Tropical Forest Science _c2001
300			_a270-282
520			_aIn the face of dwindling natural resources, rattan is slowly becoming a plantation crop. This is especially true for Calamus manan, which has been successfully planted in between rubber trees. However, systematic surveys of the associated insect fauna are few. In a study of phytophagous insects in plots of three different age-groups of C. manan planted under rubber trees, hesperid larve were found to be the most important herbivores. Four different species, Gangara thyrsis, Erionota hiraca, Quedara monteithi and Salanoemia sala, were observed regularly, with increasing abundance in the stated order. An additional species, Zela sp. was found on a few occasions only. Abundance of G. thyrsis and E. hiraca were quite similar, while those of Q. monteithi and S. sala were significantly different from the first two and from each other. Differences in abundance between the different aged plots were only significant for the two least abundant species. It was concluded that the hesperid fauna did not show any age-related differences between the plots of rattan. The dynamics of G. thyrsis, E. hiraca and Q. monteithi did not show any distinct pattern during the observation period, with only minor variation in their abundance. Salanoemia sala, while showing the same pattern in the first part of the survey, displayed a 10- to 20- fold abundance increase in one month during the second part of the survey. Possible relations with climatic data are discussed, as well as possible economic considerations. No adverse effects are expected at the current levels, but a close eye on the future development is recommended.
650			_aAbundance
650			_aCalamus manan
650			_aCultivation
650			_aHesperiidae
700			_aAminuddin Mohamad
942			_cJS
999			_c70034 _d70034