000			02556nam a2200181Ia 4500
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100			_aVijayakumar K R
245		0	_aAdvances in exploitation technology and adoption by small holders
260			_bIRRDB Symposium: Challenges for Natural Rubber in Globalization, 15-17 September 2003, Ching Mai, Thailand
520			_aIn recent times most of the exploitation research in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) focused on addressing local problems such as shortage of tappers, loss of tapping days due to climatic constraints of rain, soil water deficit, low temperature etc. Even though tapping was irregular due to social or climatic reasons alternate daily tapping of semi spiral cuts worked fairly well with medium yielding clones. This system was extensively adopted by small holders as well. However, with high yielding clones, this system proved counter productive, with high incidence of tapping panel dryness (TPD). Chemical stimulation of yield was not only useful in exploitation of short tapping cuts but also in optimising the intensity of exploitation in combination with frequency of tapping. Third daily tapping with stimulation was found essential to sustain high yield of new clones. Lowering of cost of tapping is an indirect benefit. Though this system was adopted by estate sector, small holders are yet to take the advantage of the same. With further reduction in frequency of tapping to fourth daily or weekly, more stringent conditions became necessary for complete success without comprising yield. Thus low frequency tapping (LFT) systems warrant regular tapping without rest periods, more number of stimulations, rainguarding, dispensing of cash tapping and Sunday tapping, additional collections, payment of production incentive to the tappers, etc. In India, majority of the estates have started adopting LFT in a big way. However in the small holdings lot of problems are encountered for extending the technology. Extensive research has also helped to evolve tapping systems and stimulation shedule to achieve sustainable high yield and longer economic life. Thus, Controlled upward tapping (CUT), gaseous stimulation (RRIMFLOW) etc have led to increase the productivity in the later part of economic life. These techniques are alos not very popular among smallholders.
650			_aControlled Upward Tapping
650			_aExploitation technology
650			_aLow Frequency Tapping
700			_aKarunaichamy K
700			_aRajagopal R
700			_aThomas K U
942			_cJS
999			_c53875 _d53875